Antimicrobial peptides from marine animals: Sources, structures, mechanisms and the potential for drug development

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become a major challenge in current clinical treatment. As essential natural molecules involved innate immunity, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have the potential to break limits antibiotic resistance. While AMPs are widely presented various organisms on this planet, marine environment is unique generating large number that exhibit characteristic structures and functions. This review summarizes mechanisms action derived from invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals ocean. comparison different habitats demonstrates preference Arg (arginine) Leu (leucine) AMPs, which might be associated with adaptation features bacterial membranes environments. In addition, applications for development novel antibiotics also described. These summaries expected provide reference utilization resources drug or aquiculture.